The bystander effect: would you stop for Britney Begonia?

Local 6, a Florida TV station has been conducting a series of experiments on the bystander effect.

In the latest "missing child experiment" they placed numerous posters in a mall with photographs of a missing 8 year old "Britney Begonia". Britney herself sat next to some of the signs. Hundreds of people walked past and saw the posters, but only two stopped to ask Britney anything. Many bystanders questioned later said they noticed the strange resemblance between Britney and the poster but were "fearful of getting involved."

An earlier Local 6 experiment involved a fake burglar breaking into a home. See also this publication on the bystander response to a mock casualty involving arterial bleeding.

The bystander effect has been extensively studied. The more people who observe an event, the less likely it is that anyone will intervene to help. Observers assume that someone else will do something and they feel less responsible. The obviousness of the problem makes little difference.

This is something that will be familiar most people who have tried to raise problems in science and in medicine. It is the underlying message of at least a dozen E-mails I get each week. Local academic colleagues very rarely engage with problems that go right to the heart of what it is to be an academic (or a doctor). They are happy to allow principles to be ignored, patients to be abused and for those raising concerns to be bullied into unemployment or even suicide. The silence and collusion with misconduct and fraud extends to professional regulatory bodies, drug regulators and government. It is hardly surprising concerns are never raised until it is too late.

Here is a selection of quotes about collaborators, bystanders and the shame of all those who fail to speak, and who fail to ask questions.

Science may have found a cure for most evils; but it has found no remedy for the worst of them all - the apathy of human beings.
Helen Keller

Truth is not only violated by falsehood; it may be equally outraged by silence.
Henri Frederic Amiel

To assist Enron all they had to do is to do nothing, and they did nothing very well

He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetuate it.
Martin Luther King, Jr

Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
Martin Luther King, Jr.

What luck for the rulers that men do not think.
Adolph Hitler

And the multitude was silent, not a voice, not a sound was heard upon the hillsides, across the valleys where they stood.
Richard Bach, Illusions

To sin by silence when they should protest makes cowards of men.
Abraham Lincoln

There is no shame in not knowing; the shame lies in not finding out.
Russian proverb

A society of sheep must in time beget a government of wolves.
Juvenal

The average age of the world's greatest civilizations has been two hundred years. These nations have progressed through this sequence: From bondage to spiritual faith; from spiritual faith to great courage; from courage to liberty; from liberty to abundance; from abundance to selfishness; from selfishness to complacency; from complacency to apathy; from apathy to dependence and back into bondage.
Fraser Tyler

You may never know what results come from your action. But if you do nothing, there will be no results.
Gandhi

The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.
Albert Einstein

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Memory Hole (7 November): Psychiatrist Ewen Cameron and professional collaboration with evil

19 years ago today: C.I.A funding of unethical research and professional silence

On 7 November 1988 Lawyer for victims of C.I.A LSD experiments wrote in the NY times about the out of court settlement with 9 Canadians who sued the US over experiments done by Dr. Ewen Cameron. The article was titled "The C.I.A. and the Evil Doctor". Cameron was a psychiatrist with McGill University. Experiments were carried with secret funding from the C.I.A without participant consent. The work involved LSD administration, sleep deprivation and so called psychic driving. These 9 patients formed only a tiny part of Cameron's research.

"...(H)e induced severe regression in the patients using combinations of extremely intensive electric shock, barbiturate- induced sleep for up to 60 days at a stretch, sensory deprivation, and hallucinogenic drugs. These techniques left patients dazed, confused, incontinent and often in a state of utter panic."

Many colleagues knew about this research for years and said nothing at all. Some of the research was discussed openly and published in the psychiatric literature.

D. Ewen Cameron, "Psychic Driving," American Journal of Psychiatry 112 (January, 1956), pp. 502-509.

"The effect of this procedure (psychic driving) has been studied under various conditions, among them drug disinhibition, ordinary and prolonged sleep treatment, hypnosis under stimulant drugs and after prolonged psychological isolation."

D. Ewen Cameron, et al., "Repetition of Verbal Signals: Behavioral and Physiological Changes," American Journal of Psychiatry 115 (May, 1959), pp. 985-996.

This paper states: "This work was carried out with the assistance of a grant from the Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology."

Just as some depression "support" groups are a front for GlaxoSmithKline and other pharmaceutical companies, "The Society for the Investigation of Human Ecology" was a front for the C.I.A.

"Dr. Cameron had the support of many psychiatrists and psychiatric residents, whom he trained or worked with, and not one had the guts or integrity to speak out or criticize his brainwashing methods. The Canadian Psychiatric Association and American Psychiatric Association are also culpable for refusing to denounce Dr. Cameron or his experiments. It is not only Dr. Cameron, the C.I.A. and the Canadian Government that should be on trial in these experiments, but psychiatry itself." [Link]

Here is a selection of quotes about collaborators, bystanders and the shame of all those who say nothing. There are many in medicine who remain silent while professing virtue:

Science may have found a cure for most evils; but it has found no remedy for the worst of them all - the apathy of human beings.
Helen Keller

Truth is not only violated by falsehood; it may be equally outraged by silence.
Henri Frederic Amiel

To assist Enron all they had to do is to do nothing, and they did nothing very well

He who passively accepts evil is as much involved in it as he who helps to perpetuate it.
Martin Luther King, Jr

Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
Martin Luther King, Jr.

What luck for the rulers that men do not think.
Adolph Hitler

And the multitude was silent, not a voice, not a sound was heard upon the hillsides, across the valleys where they stood.
Richard Bach, Illusions

To sin by silence when they should protest makes cowards of men.
Abraham Lincoln

There is no shame in not knowing; the shame lies in not finding out.
Russian proverb

A society of sheep must in time beget a government of wolves.
Juvenal

The average age of the world's greatest civilizations has been two hundred years. These nations have progressed through this sequence: From bondage to spiritual faith; from spiritual faith to great courage; from courage to liberty; from liberty to abundance; from abundance to selfishness; from selfishness to complacency; from complacency to apathy; from apathy to dependence and back into bondage.
Fraser Tyler

You may never know what results come from your action. But if you do nothing, there will be no results.
Gandhi

The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of the people who are evil, but because of the people who don't do anything about it.
Albert Einstein

Sources - Cameron and the C.I.A:
-Rubenstein, Leonard S. "The C.I.A. and the Evil Doctor," New York Times, 7 November 1988, p. A19.
-New York Times, "U.S. to Pay $750,000 In Suit on LSD Testing" 12 Oct 1988

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